- Islamic civilization quoted the paper industry to Europe
- Chinese civilization and the development of the paper industry
- The role of Islamic civilization
- Paper industry in Europe
Islamic civilization quoted the paper industry to Europe
The invention of paper back to the third millennium BC (about 2700 BC). Was invented by the ancient Egyptians good material for writing, with easy access to this article invaluable in Your Hands, a papyrus, and that was one of the greatest inventions in the history of mankind. Before that she was writing (which appeared in the fourth millennium BC) limited to stone or paintings mud and used by the Sumerians and preferred writing it and found it closer to trading, and Acer in the cost of cut stone, which panels composed of silt pure smooth, and pour into molds shaped of customary international law, and they come out painting in the form of flat-sided disk, or in the form of a quarter circle flat surface convex back, or in the form of a rectangle, painting may be in the form of the cone, and leave unchanged, after writing or dried in the heat of the ordinary so gaining appropriate hardness.
Chinese civilization and the development of the paper industry
Chinese developed this industry using material fishplates of glue or gelatin mixed starchy paste prevailed fiber paper and make a quick ink absorption. Chinese paper but was limited deployment not Iva experience in the ancient or medieval world until the eighth century AD, when Arabs knew the secrets of the Chinese paper industry after opening Samarkand in 93 AH / 712 AD.
The role of Islamic civilization
He founded the first paper mill in Baghdad in 178 AH / 794 AD, and has created Fadl ibn Yahya in an era of Harun al-Rashid, and spread the paper industry very quickly in all parts of the Islamic world, entered Syria, Egypt, North Africa and Spain, and people were writing up to that time of slavery and Alasp and Allkhav, He then ordered Harun al-Rashid, after a lot of paper, not to write people only in Alkagd. And developed Muslim industry Alkagd produced factories Islamic types excellent him, and months Ways industry Alkagd in Islamic eras mentioned in the book "Mayor book and several with kernels" and it mentions the author Prince goats bin Badesi way industry Alkagd of substance cannabis and white way: "to soak cannabis and wander until softened and then soaked with water and lime rubbed by hand, dried and repeat this process three days and alter the water each time until it becomes white and then cut بالمقراض and soaked with water until it leaves lime and then it beats in a mortar, a soprano so as not to remain a contract then analyzes in the water and it becomes like silk and pours into molds by size to be and be pieces of paper open Khaitan attributable to cannabis and hits a strong and boiled in the form of large water and stir the facial severe and boiled in the form of large water and stir the facial even be thick and then poured in a mold and stir on board and stick on the wall to dry and fall and taken his fine flour and starch in cold water and boil until boiling and pour it on the flour and stir until amuse paper Fataly then damage the paper to dry reed of the duplex and then sprinkle with water, dried and polished. " During the ten consecutive centuries, until the date of the invention of the first paper machine in the eighteenth century did not change the basic processes used in the paper industry. For paper in which ink is used for writing or printing, it requires additional treatment after drying, because without this treatment, the paper will absorb the ink and the lines will appear distorted. The treatment process involves paper cover with a layer of glue through dipped in a solution of animal glue and then drying the paper, which was subjected to this process and then the completion of the paper by pressing the paper between chicks sheet metal or cardboard smooth. And determines how strong the pressure feel of the paper, pushing papers with coarse texture light pressure for a relatively short period, while pressing papers with soft texture severe pressure for a relatively longer period.
The first paper mill was established in Germany was in the city of Mainz in 719 AH / 1320 AD, and was followed by another factory in Nuremberg in 792 AH / 1390 AD, and delayed the paper industry in England from the rest of the European countries nearly a hundred years and was created the first factory where the paper in 1495 AD. During the fifteenth century AD solution paper leather parchments shop in writing in Europe.
While entered the paper industry to the United States in the late seventeenth century where he established the first factory in America in 1690. Currently manufactured more than 95% of the paper from cellulose wood, where it is used wood pulp only in industry types cheap paper like that used in newsprint, Species finest uses the wood chemically treated pulp and a mixture of pulp and fiber bark, and are the best types of paper - such as those used in writing - those made of bark fibers only
